Three dimensional imaging system

ABSTRACT

Recent advances in surface techniques have lead to the development of extremely small (sub-micron) scale features. These techniques allow the formation of polymer micro-lenses as well as variable focus liquid lenses. The present invention primarily concerns the use of small scale lenses for the fabrication of novel displays which exhibit three-dimensional (3D) effects. Both still images and video images (or other motion images) can be generated.

This is a continuation of prior application Ser. No. 10/756,026, filedon Jan. 12, 2004 now U.S. Pat N. 6,909,505, which is a continuation ofapplication Ser. No. 10/183,195, filed on Jun. 25, 2002, now U.S. Pat.No. 6,683,725, which is a continuation of application Ser. No.09/459,658, filed on Dec. 13, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,437,920, whichis a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/476,852, filed Jun. 7,1995, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,014,259. Application Ser. No. 08/476,852 ishereby incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to optical systems, and morespecifically to three dimensional imaging systems incorporatingdiffractive, refractive, or diffractive/refractive compound lenses.

BACKGROUND Human Vision

Normal human vision provides a perception of space in the visual fieldof view that is in color and three dimensions (3D). A better realizationof the optical requirements for a photographic system to present anacceptable 3D stereoscopic image or stereo-model to the viewer is givenby an understanding of stereopsis, or visual perception of space.

The stimulus conditions for space perception are termed cues, and are intwo groups. The monocular group allows stereopsis with one eye andincludes relative sizes of subjects, their interposition, linear andaerial perspective, distribution of light and shade, movement parallaxof subject and background and visual accommodation. The binocular groupuses the two coordinated activities of both eyes: firstly, visualconvergence, where the optical axes converge muscularly from parallelfor distant vision to a convergence angle of 23° for a near point of 150mm; and secondly, stereoscopic vision, where, due to the two differentvisual viewpoints, the imaging geometry gives two disparate retinalimages for the left and right eyes. The disparities are due to parallax,the relative displacement of corresponding or homologous image points ofa subject point away from the optical axis due to its position in thebinocular field of view.

Retinal images are encoded for transmission as frequency modulatedvoltage impulses along the optic nerve, with signal processing takingplace at the intermediate lateral geniculate bodies and then the visualcortex of the brain. The resultant visual perception is unique to theobserver. For a further discussion of human 3D perception, see, e.g.,Sidney F. Ray, “Applied Photographic Optics Imaging Systems ForPhotography, Film and Video,” Focal Press, pp. 469–484, (1988), which isincorporated herein by reference.

3D Techiques

Many prior art 3D imaging systems use parallax to generate the 3Deffect. Section 65.5 of Ray, cited above and which is incorporatedherein by reference, provides a good description of severalparallax-based techniques, such as 3D movies, stereo viewing of twoside-by-side offset images, 3D post cards, etc. Although theseparallax-only based systems offer some degree of 3D effect, they arediscernably unrealistic.

Another well known, but far more complex technique for generating 3Dimages is holography. While holography can produce quite realistic 3Dimages, its use is quite limited because of the need for coherent lightsources (such as lasers) and the darkroom or near darkroom conditionsrequired to generate holograms.

One prior art technique for generating 3D images, known as integralphotography, uses an array of small lenses (referred to as a fly's eyelens or a micro-lens array) to both generate and reproduce 3D images.The technique of integral photography is described in Ives, Herbert E.,“Optical Properties of a Lippmann Lenticulated Sheet,” Journal of theOntical Society of America 21(3):171–176 (1931).

Other techniques incorporating micro-lens arrays for the generation of3D images are described in Yang et al., 1988, “Discussion of the Opticsof a New 3-D Imaging System,” Applied Optics 27(21):4529–4534; Davies etal., 1988, “Three-Dimensional Imaging Systems: A New Development,”Applied Optics 27(21):4520–4528; Davies et al., 1994, “Design andAnalysis of an Image Transfer System Using Micro-lens Arrays,” OpticalEngineering 33(11):3624–3633; Benton, Stephen A., 1972, “DirectOrthoscopic Stereo Panoramagram Camera,” U.S. Pat. No. 3,657,981; Nimset al., 1974, “Three Dimensional Pictures and Method of Composing Them,”U.S. Pat. No. 3,852,787; and Davies et al., 1991, “Imaging System,” U.S.Pat. No. 5,040,871, each of which is incorporated herein by reference. Adrawback of the above micro-lens array based 3D optical systems is thatall lenses in the array have a fixed focal length. This greatly limitsthe type of 3D effects that can be generated by such arrays.

The Fabrication of Micro-Lens Arrays

Great advances in the generation of very small scale surface featureshave been made recently. Micro-stamping techniques using self assemblingmonolayers (SAMs) have allowed low cost production of features onsub-micron (<10⁻⁶ m) scales.

Certain compounds, when placed in an appropriate environment, arecapable of spontaneously forming an ordered two dimensional crystallinearray. For example, solutions of alkane thiols exhibit this property ongold. Micro-stamping or micro contact printing uses a ‘rubber’ (siliconeelastomer) stamp to selectively deposit alkane thiols in small domainson gold surfaces. A ‘master’ mold with the desired feature shapes andsizes is fabricated using optical lithographic techniques well known inthe electronic arts. Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS), a siliconeelastomer, is poured over the master and allowed to cure and then gentlyremoved. The resulting stamp is then inked by brushing the PDMS surfacewith a solution of the appropriate alkane thiol. The PDMS stamp is thenplaced on a gold surface and the desired pattern of alkane thiols isdeposited selectively as a monolayer on the surface. The monolayers maybe derivatized with various head groups (exposed to the environment awayfrom the metallic surface) in order to tailor the properties of thesurface.

In this fashion, alternating domains, hydrophilic and hydrophobic, maybe easily fabricated on a surface on a very small scale. Underappropriate conditions, such a surface, when cooled in the presence ofwater vapor, will selectively condense water droplets on the hydrophilicsurface domains. Such droplets can act as convergent or divergentmicro-lenses. Any shape lens or lens element may be produced. SAMs maybe selectively deposited on planar or curved surfaces which may or maynot be optically transparent. Offsetting, adjacent, stacked; and otherconfigurations of SAM surfaces may all be used to generate complex lensshapes.

Using techniques similar to the SAM techniques discussed above,transparent polymers have been used to make stable micro-lenses. Forexample, a solution of unpolymerized monomers (which are hydrophilic)will selectively adsorb to hydrophilic domains on a derivatized SAMsurface. At that point, polymerization may be initiated (e.g., byheating). By varying the shape of the derivatized surface domains, theamount of solution on the domain, and the solution composition, a greatvariety of different lenses with different optical properties may beformed.

For examples of optical techniques incorporating liquid optical elementsand SAMs, see Kumar et al., 1994, “Patterned Condensation Figures asOptical Diffraction Gratings,” Science 263:60–62; Kumar et al., 1993,“Features of Gold Having Micrometer to Centimeter Dimensions Can beFormed Through a Combination of Stamping With an Elastomeric Stamp andan Alkanethiol ‘Ink’ Followed by Chemical Etching,” Appl. Phys. Lett.63(14):2002–2004; Kumar et al., 1994, “Patterning Self-AssembledMonolayers: Applications in Materials Science,” Lanqmuir10(5):1498–1511; Chaudhury et al., 1992, “How to Make Water Run Uphill,”Science 256:1539–1541; Abbott et al., 1994, “Potential-Dependent Wettingof Aqueous Solutions on Self-Assembled Monolayers Formed From15-(Ferrocenylcarbonyl)pentadecanethiol on Gold,” Lanqmuir10(5):1493–1497; and Gorman et al., in press, “Control of the Shape ofLiquid Lenses on a Modified Gold Surface Using an Applied ElectricalPotential Across a Self-Assembled Monolayer,” Harvard University,Department of Chemistry, each of which is incorporated herein byreference.

Micro-lens arrays can also be fabricated using several other well knowntechniques. Some illustrative techniques for the generation ofmicro-lens or micromirror arrays are disclosed in the followingarticles, each of which is incorporated herein by reference: Liau etal., 1994, “Large-Numerical-Aperture Micro-lens Fabrication by One-StepEtching and Mass-Transport Smoothing,” Appl. Phys. Lett.64(12):1484–1486; Jay et al., 1994, “Preshaping Photoresist forRefractive Micro-lens Fabrication,” Optical Engineering33(11):3552–3555; MacFarlane et al., 1994, “Microjet Fabrication ofMicro-lens Arrays,” IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 6(9):1112–1114;Stern et al., 1994, “Dry Etching for Coherent Refractive Micro-lensArrays,” Optical Engineering 33(11):3547–3551; and Kendall et al., 1994,“Micromirror Arrays Using KOH:H₂O Micromachining of Silicon for LensTemplates, Geodesic Lenses, and other Applications,” Optical Engineering33(11):3578–3588.

Focal Length Variation and Control

Using the micro-stamping technique discussed above, small lenses may befabricated with variable focal lengths. Variable focus may be achievedthrough several general means, e.g., (i) through the use of electricalpotentials; (ii) through mechanical deformation; (iii) through selectivedeposition, such as deposition of liquid water drops from the vaporphase (as described in Kumar et al., (Science, 1994) cited above); and(iv) heating or melting (e.g., structures may be melted to changeoptical properties, as in some micro-lens arrays which are crudelymolded and then melted into finer optical elements).

The degree to which a solution wets or spreads on a surface may becontrolled by varying the electronic properties of the system. Forexample, by placing microelectrodes within the liquid lens and varyingthe potential with respect to the surface, the curvature of the lens maybe varied. See Abbott et al, cited above. In other configurations,hydrophobic liquid micro-lenses are formed on a surface and covered withan aqueous solution and the surface potential is varied versus theaqueous solution. Such systems have demonstrated extremely small volumelenses (1 nL) which are capable of reversibly and rapidly varying focus(see Gorman et al., cited above).

Referring now to FIG. 3, a schematic diagram of a variable focus lens 50is shown. Variable focus lens 50 includes a liquid lens 52 and two SAMsurfaces 54. SAM surfaces 54 adhere to liquid lens 52. As can be seen inthe progression from FIGS. 3( a) through 3(c), by varying the distancebetween the SAM surfaces 54, the shape, and therefore opticalcharacteristics, of liquid lens 52 can be altered. There are alsoseveral other ways to vary the shape and optical characteristics ofliquid lens 52. For example, the electrical potential between lens 52and surface 54 can be varied, causing changes in the shape of lens 52,as is discussed further below with respect to FIG. 4. The index ofrefraction of lens 52 can be varied by using different liquid materials.The cohesive and adhesive properties of liquid lens 52 can be adjustedby varying the chemistry of the liquid material, and by varying thechemistry of surface 54. The three dimensional characteristics ofsurface 54 can be varied. For example, when viewed from the top orbottom surface 54 can be circular, rectangular, hexagonal, or any othershape, and may be moved up and down. These techniques may be usedindividually or in combination to create a variety of lens shapes andoptical effects.

Referring now to FIG. 4, a schematic diagram of an electrically variablefocus lens as disclosed in the above cited Abbott et al. article isshown. A drop of liquid 52 is placed on SAM surface 54, which is in turnformed on metallic surface 56, preferably gold. By varying the electricpotential between microelectrode 58 and SAM surface 54, the curvature(and thus optical characteristics) of liquid lens 52 can be varied. Theprogression from FIG. 4( a) to 4(c) shows schematically how the shape ofliquid lens 52 can be changed. Similar effects can be achieved using thetechniques described in the above Gorman et al. article, althoughmicroelectrodes 58 need not be used.

Alternatively, such micro-lenses may be focused through mechanicalmeans. For example, flexible polymeric or elastomeric lenses may becompressed or relaxed so as to vary focus through piezoelectric means.Alternatively, liquid lenses encapsulated in flexible casings may bemechanically compressed or relaxed.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a 3D optical system which, in contrast tothe prior art, includes a variable focus micro-lens array and an imagethat appears to have been taken with an optical system having arelatively high depth of field; that is, objects of varying distanceswithin the image are substantially in focus over a predetermined area.In an alternative embodiment, variable focus micro-lens arrays can beused in combination with still or motion images to cause the apparentdistance of the image to change. Another embodiment uses fixed arrayshaving elements with varying focal lengths to create 3D and otheroptical effects.

DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing a 3D imaging system incorporatinga micro-lens array according to a preferred embodiment.

FIGS. 2( a)–2(c) are schematic diagrams showing the path of lightdirected to an observer under various conditions.

FIGS. 3( a)–3(c) are schematic diagrams showing one technique forvarying the focal length of a liquid micro-lens through the use of SAMs.

FIGS. 4( a)–4(c) are schematic diagrams showing another technique forvarying the focal length of a liquid micro-lens through the use of SAMs.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a camera used to make two dimensionalimages of the type used in a preferred embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The structure and function of the preferred embodiments can best beunderstood by reference to the drawings. The reader will note that thesame reference numerals appear in multiple figures. Where this is thecase, the numerals refer to the same or corresponding structure. In apreferred embodiment, variable focus micro-lens arrays, such as thosefabricated using the techniques discussed above, along with still ormotion images having relatively great depth of field, are used to create3D effects.

Referring to FIG. 2( a), images viewed by the human eye comprise aplurality of extremely fine points which are perceived in continuousdetail. As light falls on each object point, the light is scattered andthe point diffusely reflects a cone of light 30 (i.e., light whichsubtends some solid angle) outward. If an object is viewed at aconsiderable distance, by an observer 20, then a very small portion ofcone 30 is collected; and the rays of light that are collected arenearly parallel (see FIG. 2( a): far focus). As the viewing distancedecreases, however, the rays collected by the eyes of observer 20 areless parallel and are received at greater diverging angles (see FIG. 2(a); medium focus and close focus). The complex of the cornea and lenseschanges shape so that objects at varying distances can be focused. For amore complete discussion of diffuse reflection of the type discussedabove, see, e.g., Tipler, Paul A., Physics for Scientists and Engineers,Third Edition, Extended Version, Worth Publishers, pp. 982–984, which isincorporated herein by reference.

According to a preferred embodiment, a two dimensional photograph orimage-which is in focus at all points of the image is overlaid with anarray of micro-lenses. With proper illumination, such a system cangenerate light cones of varying divergence and simulate 3D space.

Because photographic lenses only have one primary point of focus, thereis only one plane in the photograph which is in exact focus; in front ofand behind this plane the image is progressively out of focus. Thiseffect can be reduced by increasing the depth of field, but can only becorrected to a certain extent.

In general, a preferred embodiment of the present invention will workwith images generated using an optical system having a large depth offield. For certain images, proper placement of the plane of focus anduse of depth of field is adequate to attain perceived sharpnessthroughout the entire image. In other situations, more advancedtechniques are required to attain perceived exact focus for all pointswithin an image. Modified cameras and/or digital imaging techniques maybe used. For example, some out of focus areas within an image may befocused using digital software ‘sharpening’ filters.

Referring now to FIG. 5, a block diagram of a camera 60 used to make twodimensional images of the type used in a preferred embodiment is shown.Camera 60 includes conventional motorized optics 62 having an input lens64 and an output lens 66. While lenses 64 and 66 have been depicted asconvex lenses, those skilled in the art will understand that lenses 64and 66 may be of any desired configuration. Motorized optics 62 focusesan image on image recorder 72. An image can also be focused on imagerecorder 72 by varying the distance between image recorder 72 and outputlens 66 either independently, or in combination with adjustments inmotorized optics 62. Image recorder 72 may be a charge coupled device(CCD), photomultiplier tube (PMT), photodiode, avalanche photodiode,photographic film, plates, or other light sensitive materials. Inaddition, image recorder 72 may be a combination of any of the abovelight recording or collecting devices.

The focus of motorized optics 62 is controlled by 35 controller 68,which is coupled to motorized optics 62 via control line 70. Controller68 may be a microprocessor, micro-controller, or any other device whichgenerates a digital or analog signal that can be used to control thefocus of motorized optics 70.

If image recorder 72 is a digital device, then images captured by imagerecorder 72 are stored in memory 74. If image recorder 72 is aphotographic or light sensitive material, then memory 74 is not needed.

Memory 74 may be semiconductor memory, magnetic memory, optical memory,or any other type of memory used to store digital information. Imagerecorder 72 is coupled to memory 74 via data line 76. Controller 68 mayalso control memory 74 and Image recorder 72 via control lines 78 and80.

Through the operation of camera 60, a collage of sharp areas may beformed to make an image which is sharp at all points. For example, aseries of digital images of the same scene may be captured with Imagerecorder 72, each focused at a different distance. That is, controller68 causes motorized optics 64 to cycle through a range of focuses (e.g.,from 5 meters to infinity), image recorder 72 captures images of a scenetaken at different focuses, and memory 74 stores the captured images.The focus of motorized optics 64 can be varied continuously, or insteps, depending on conditions and the image required.

And further depending on conditions and the image required, one to manyhundreds of images may be captured. For example, if the image isentirely of a distant horizon, only a far focus image would be required.Therefore, the overall shutter speed may be very short.

Camera 60 may be a still camera or a video camera. Controller 68 can beused to sequence motorized optics 64 through any range of focuses, asthe desired range of focuses may change with the type of scene andlighting conditions. If camera 60 is used as a video camera, motorizedoptics 64 must be made to operate very quickly, as several frames (eachincluding several images taken at different focuses) per second must becaptured. To save time, controller 68 could be programmed to cyclemotorized optics 64 from the closest desired focus to the furthestdesired focus to capture the images required to generate one frame, andthen cycle motorized optics 64 from the furthest desired focus to theclosest desired focus to capture the images required to generate thenext frame. This process could then be repeated for all subsequentframes.

The same segment of the scene in each of the digital images stored inmemory 74 (say a 5×5 pixel array) may be sampled for contrast (thehighest contrast corresponds to the sharpest focus). Each 5×5 highcontrast segment may then be assembled into a single image which will besubstantially in focus over the entire scene. This may be done with moreadvanced software algorithms which will recognize “continuous shapes” orobjects to simplify the process and make it more rapid. The manipulationis most easily carried out in digital form (either from digitized analogoriginals or from digital originals) but may also be done in an analogformat (cut and paste).

Referring now to FIG. 1, a preferred embodiment of the present inventionis illustrated. Objects 15A–15C represent the position of severalobjects in space as perceived by a viewer 20. Objects 15A–15C aredistances 22A–22C, respectively, away from viewer 20. Objects 15A–15Calso reflect light cones 16A–16C towards viewer 20. As discussed above,the degree to which a light cone 16 is diverging when it reaches viewer20 varies with the distance of an object 15 from viewer 20. To recreatea 3D image of objects 15A–15C, an image 10 (which is preferablyperceived as sharp over its entire area) is placed in registeredalignment with an array 12 of micro-lenses 14. However, the preferredembodiment can also operate on an image 10 that is not sharp at eachpoint.

Array 12 can be a substantially flat two dimensional array, or it can bean array having a desired degree of curvature or shape, which depends onthe curvature or shape of image 10. The characteristics of eachmicro-lens 14 corresponding to each point or pixel on image 10 arechosen based on the focus distance of the camera lens which made thatpoint or pixel of the image sharp. The focal lengths of the micro-lenses14 may be chosen so that light cones 18A–18C duplicate light cones16A–16C (based on the expected or known viewing distance from themicro-lenses, or based on a relative scale or an arbitrary scale to varythe perceived image). In this respect, viewer 20A will see the same 3Dimage seen by viewer 20.

Since image 10 can be viewed as a coherent 2D image when viewed byitself, the appearance of image 10 can be made to vary or alternatebetween 2D and 3D. If 2D viewing is desired, lenses 14 in array 12 caneither be removed, or can be adjusted to be optically neutral. If 3Dviewing is desired, lenses 14 in array 12 can be adjusted as describedabove.

A similar procedure may be utilized to produce 3D motion pictures/video.As is known to those skilled in the art, motion video is achieved byrapidly displaying images in sequential fashion. Therefore, sequentialimages in focus over the entire image (or to the degree desired) must becreated. To achieve this, a video camera which is made to rapidly andcontinuously cycle between near and far focus is used. Each overallsharp image is produced by the techniques discussed above (utilizingdepth of field, knowledge of the scene, collage techniques, etc.).Further, intelligent software can be used in combination with still orvideo cameras to optimize depth of field, number of focus steps on afocus cycle, etc., based on ambient conditions, previously inputtedpreferences, and/or the past (immediately prior or overall past history)appropriate settings. Additional software/hardware manipulation can beused to make sharp images over the entire scene or to the degreedesired. For example, the periphery of a scene may be selectively out offocus.

Although the overall field of view of the human eye is large, the brainfocuses on a central portion and the periphery is often substantiallyout of focus. In the ideal case the image behind the micro-lens array issharp over the entire scene so that as the viewer examines differentportions of the scene each will come into focus as the viewer focusesproperly. There are, however, situations in which sharpness over theentire image is not needed, such as in video sequences when the vieweronly follows a particular field within a scene.

Once the desired video images are captured, 3D display is achieved byplacing the images behind an array 12 of variable focus lenses 14, asdiscussed above with respect to FIG. 1. In each frame in the videosequence, for each point or pixel of the frame there is a correspondingfocus setting for the lens 14 which is in register with that pixel. Aseach frame is sequentially displayed each pixel varies its focus to theappropriate predetermined setting for the pixel of that frame.

Since each point or pixel has with it an associated lens or compoundlens, the rays from each pixel can be controlled to reach the eye at apredetermined angle corresponding to the 3D depth desired for thatpixel. There may be multiple lens designs which may suit the desiredeffect for any given situation.

Referring again to FIG. 2, an important consideration in the operationof the present invention is the eye to pixel distance. Different lensdesigns are required for close screens such as goggles (see FIG. 2( b))than are required for more distant screens (see FIG. 2 (c)) As isdepicted in FIG. 2( b) (medium and far focus), there are situationswhere combinations of elements (such as a positive and a negative lens)can be moved relative to each other to create the desired opticaleffect. Thus, in one embodiment, multiple arrays could be moved relativeto each other to create the proper light output. For a more completedescription of the properties of combinations of optical elements, see,e.g., Ray (cited above), pp. 43–49, which is also incorporated herein byreference.

Consider the analogous behavior of a point of diffuse reflection and apoint of focus from a lens; if both the point of focus and the point ofreflection are at the same distance from the eye, the angle of the raysupon reaching the eye will be the same. Because the pupil of the eye isrelatively small, about 5 mm, only a small fraction of the diffuselyreflected light cones are observed by the eye, and one does not need to“recreate” rays which are not observed by the eye.

The above described techniques may be used for display screens such astelevision, video, video cameras, computer displays, advertisingdisplays such as counter top and window displays, billboards, clothes,interior decorating, fashion watches, personal accessories, exteriors,camouflage, joke items, amusement park rides, games, virtual reality,books, magazines, postcards and other printed material, art, sculptures,lighting effects which cause light to become more intense or diffuse, asmay be desired in photographic or home use applications, and any otherapplications where three dimensional or variable optical effects aredesired.

Computer displays are typically placed close to a user, and the user'seyes are constantly set at a single distance which puts strain on theeye muscles. To prevent eyestrain and long-term deleterious effects, itis recommended that one periodically look at distant objects. By usingthe present invention, a lens array can be adjusted so that the viewercan focus near or far to view the display. Such variation in apparentviewing distance (the display itself may be kept at the same distance)may be manually user controlled, or may follow a predetermined algorithm(such as slowly and imperceptibly cycling but moving through a range toprevent strain). Such algorithms may also be used for therapeuticpurposes. The viewing distance may be modulated to therapeuticallybenefit certain muscle groups. The technique may be used for books aswell as other close-field intensive work.

One application of the still 3D images, according to the presentinvention, would be in the field of fine art and collectibles. Moreover,still images may be paired with fixed focal length lens arrays as wellas variable focus arrays. Unique effects can be achieved by modulatingthe focal length of the lenses in conjunction with a still image.Eccentric art as well as eye-catching displays or advertisements couldbe achieved by undulating the focus of a still image. In particular,this technique can be used to guide the viewer's attention to particularportions of an image by selectively modulating the apparent viewing areaof interest and leaving the rest of the image static—or vice versa, oralter the focus of a region and its apparent size. For example, if thesize of an object (in terms of its percentage of an observer's field ofview) stays the same, and the observer's eye switches from near focus tofar focus, then the observer's sense of how large the object is willchange (i.e., the observer will perceive the object as being bigger).Similarly, if the size of an object (in terms of its percentage of anobserver's field of view) stays the same, and the observer's eyeswitches from far focus to near focus, then the observer will perceivethe object as being smaller). This effect is further aided by including“reference” images—images of objects of known size. Therefore, such ascreen could selectively cause changes in apparent size, for example, tograb the observer's attention.

Wrap-around, or all encompassing views are advantageous because theyeliminate distracting non-relevant peripheral information and images.There are two general techniques for giving the viewer an allencompassing view of a scene. The first is to use extremely large and/orcurved viewing screens most useful for group viewing (e.g. the Sony IMAXtheaters or a planetarium). The second technique is the use ofindividual viewing goggles or glasses. In this technique relativelysmall screens are placed close to the eyes. An advantage to using themicro-lenses is that even at very close distances, it is difficult forthe average person to discern features of less than 100 microns—so ifthe micro-lenses in the array are made small enough (but are largeenough so that unwanted diffraction effects do not predominate) thescreen can remain virtually continuous without pixel effects. Becausethe screens are small, reductions in cost to achieve the wrap-around allencompassing views are achieved. Additionally, it is possible to useblackened areas around the screen if the screen does not fill the entireviewing angle so as to remove distractions. Alternatively, someapplications would advantageously incorporate external visual images.For example, a partially transparent display could overlap images fromthe environment with displayed images (this can be used in otherembodiments such as heads up displays). Such displays could havemilitary as well as civilian use. In particular, information can bedisplayed to operators of moving vehicles. When using goggles, suchdisplays could be visible to one eye or both.

If a computer display were generated within wrap-around goggles, theeffective screen size would be maximized. There is a trend towardsincreasing monitor sizes for computers as the total information/numberof computer applications simultaneously running increases. A wrap-aroundgoggle computer display would allow the user to use his entire field ofvision as a desktop. This could be combined with 3D effects as well asthe strain reducing features described above.

Additionally, goggles may have one screen for each eye. Such goggleswould require appropriate parallax correction so that the two imagescoincide and are perceived as a single image by the viewer. An advantageof using two screens is that the individual screens may be placed veryclose to their respective eyes. The two images of different parallax maybe obtained from a variety of modified camera systems (see Ray, FIG.65.10, Section 65.5 (cited above)). Alternatively, software algorithmsmay be used to generate second images from single views with alteredparallax. Two screen goggles may also be used without parallax correctedimages—that is, with the same perspective displayed to both eyes. Thiswould likely result in some loss of natural 3D effect. However, manyfactors contribute to 3D effects, of which parallax is only one.

Referring again to FIG. 1, the display 10 behind the lens array 12 maybe analog or digital, and it may be printed, drawn, typed, etc. It maybe a photograph or transparency, in color or black and white, a positiveor negative, inverted or offset by any angle or properly oriented in itsoriginal fashion—it may emit or reflect light of many differentwavelengths visible or non-visible. It may be lithograph, sequentialcinematic images and may be an XY plane in two or three dimensions. Itmay be a CRT, LCD, plasma display, electrochromic display,electrochemiluminescent display or other displays well known in the art.

Lenses 14 in array 12 may vary in terms of:

Size; preferably ranging from 1 cm to 1 micron.

Shape; preferably circular, cylindrical, convex, concave, spherical,aspherical, ellipsoid, rectilinear, complex (e.g. Fresnel), or any otheroptical configuration known in the art.

Constitution; the lenses may be primarily refractive, primarilydiffractive, or a hybrid diffractive-refractive design, such as thedesign disclosed in Missig et al., 1995, “Diffractive optics Applied toEyepiece Design,” Applied Optics 34(14):2452–2461, which is incorporatedherein by reference.

Number of lenses in the array; the arrays may range from 2×2 to avirtually unlimited array, as the lens array 12 could be in the form ofa very large sheet.

The number of lens elements used for each ‘pixel’; as is known in theart, compound lenses may be useful for correcting optical aberrationsand/or useful for different optical effects. For example, spherical orchromatic aberrations may be corrected and zoom lens optics may beincorporated into an array. Moreover, one could use a fixed focus arrayin front of a display and then a zoom array on top of the first array.Or in different applications different optical element designs could beincorporated into the same array.

Color of the lenses; the lenses may be colored or colorless and may betransparent to a variety of visible and non-visible wave lengths. Forexample, stacked arrays of red, green, and blue lenses may be used.Alternatively, colored display pixels could be used with non-coloredlenses.

Composition of the lenses; as discussed above, the lenses may becomposed of a variety of materials in a variety of states. The lensesmay be liquid solutions, colloids, elastomers, polymers, solids,crystalline, suspensions etc.

Lens compression, relaxation, and deformation; the lenses may bedeformed by electrical and/or mechanical (e.g. piezoelectric) means.Deformation may be employed to control effective focal length and/or tovary other optical properties of the lens or lens system (e.g.aberrations or alignment—alignment may be between lenses and/oralignment with the display)

Finally, arrays may be combined or stacked to vary or increase differentoptical properties. The arrays can be curved or flat.

Many other various elements can be included in the preferredembodiments. For example, filters may be used in the arrays, between thearray and the display, and in front of the array. Such filters may beglobal, covering all or most pixels, or may be in register with only onepixel or a select group of pixels. Of particular note are neutraldensity filters (e.g. an LCD array). Other filters include colorfilters, gradient filters, polarizers (circular and linear) and othersknow to those skilled in the art.

Further, the surfaces of the different components of the invention maybe coated with a variety of coatings, such as, antiglare coatings (oftenmultilayer). Other coatings provide scratch resistance or mechanicalstability and protection from environmental factors.

Light baffling structures or materials may be used to prevent unwantedstray light or reflections. For example, it may be desirable to isolateeach pixel optically from neighboring pixels. In one embodiment, SAMsmay be used to form micro light baffles. For example, micro-lenses whichoccupy hydrophilic regions may be circumscribed by hydrophobic regionswhose surfaces are selectively occupied by light absorbing material.Alternatively, micro-machined light baffle structures may be used.

The components of the invention may advantageously have varying opticalproperties. For some applications substantially transparent componentsand support materials would be used—e.g. for use in a heads up display.In other cases, mirrored surfaces may be desirable—e.g. as a backing tomaximally utilize reflected light and also for the use of mirroredoptical elements. Other materials include semitransparent mirrors/beamsplitters, optical gratings, Fresnel lenses, and other materials knownto those skilled in the art.

Shutters and/or apertures may be placed in various locations the systemand may be global or specific (as the filters above). Shutters may beuseful, for example, if a film based cinematic video scene were used asthe display. Apertures could be used to vary light intensity and depthof field.

The overall systems may vary in size between a few microns and hundredsof meters or more. The system may be curved or flat. It may be a kit. Itmay be a permanent installation or it may be portable. Screens may foldor roll for easy transportation. The screens may have covers forprotection and may be integrated into complex units (e.g. a laptopcomputer). The system may be used in simulators and virtual realitysystems. The system can be used as a range finder by correlatingeffective focus on the array with a plane of focus in the environment.The system may be used for advanced autofocus systems. For example, thesystem could be used to rapidly find optimal focus since the micro-lenscan focus much faster than a large mechanical camera lens and then thelens can be set to the accurate focus. The system can be used fordirectional viewing of a display—for example by using long effectivefocal lengths. The systems may also be disposable.

An important consideration in the present invention is the type anddirection of lighting. The lighting may be from the front (reflected) orfrom the rear (backlit) and/or from a variety of intermediate angles.There may be one light source or multiple light sources. In some casesboth reflected and luminous backlighting are desirable to moreaccurately represent a scene. For example, when indoors looking out awindow, one may perceive strong backlighting through the window andreflected softer light with directional shadows within the room.Combining backlight, reflected light and the intensity/neutral densityfiltering will give a more realistic image. Directional reflected lightmay be focused on a single pixel or specific area or may be global (aswith backlighting). The light may be filtered, polarized, coherent ornon-coherent. For example, the color temperature of sunlight variesthrough the day. A sunlight corrected source light could then befiltered to represent the reddish tones of a sunset image etc. The lightmay be placed in a variety of positions (as with the filters above) andmay be from a variety of known light sources to one skilled in the artincluding incandescent, halogen, fluorescent, mercury lamps, strobes,lasers, natural sunlight, luminescing materials, phosphorescingmaterials, chemiluminescent materials, electrochemiluminescent etc.Another embodiment is that of luminescing lenses. Liquid lenses orlenses which may be suitably doped with luminescent materials may beuseful, especially in disposable systems. For example, consider a liquidphase lens resting on an electrode. Such a lens (if it contained an ECLtag) could be caused to luminesce.

The present invention has been described in terms of a preferredembodiment. The invention, however, is not limited to the embodimentdepicted and described. Rather, the scope of the invention is defined bythe appended claims.

1. A display capable of projecting three-dimensional images comprising:a) an image substantially sharp over the entire image area; b) a lightsource; c) an array of micro-lenses placed in register with pixels ofsaid image, wherein each micro-lens of said array is independentlycontrollable to produce a light cone of desired divergence; d) an arrayof light baffling structures or materials capable of preventing straylight or reflection between each pixel of said image and neighboringmicro-lenses of said array of micro-lenses.
 2. The display of claim 1,wherein said light source and said array of micro-lenses are located onopposite sides of the image.
 3. The display of claim 1, wherein saidlight source is located on the same side of the image as said array ofmicro-lenses.
 4. The display of claim 1, further comprising an array ofapertures between said light source and said image.
 5. The display ofclaim 1, wherein said array of micro-lenses is a substantially flattwo-dimensional array.
 6. The display of claim 1, wherein said array ofmicro-lenses is a curved array.